Q:Kodi ntchito ya jenereta ya nthunzi mu engineering ya mankhwala ndi yotani

A: 1. Kutentha kwamadzi
Kugwiritsa ntchito jenereta ya nthunzi muzamankhwala kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri potenthetsa mankhwala amadzimadzi komanso mankhwala achi China. Mwachitsanzo, kukonzekera kwa mankhwala achi China, jakisoni wamankhwala achi China, kukonzekera kwachitsulo chotentha komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito mu jakisoni kumatenthedwa ndi nthunzi. Popanga mankhwala achi China, nthawi zambiri ndikofunikira kuphika mankhwala azitsamba achi China pa kutentha kwakukulu kuti aphe mabakiteriya ndi ma virus, potero kuwongolera mphamvu yamankhwala. Nthawi yomweyo, imatha kuchepetsa kuvulaza komwe kumachitika chifukwa chamankhwala m'thupi la munthu panthawi yogwiritsira ntchito, kuti akwaniritse bwino. Zokonzekera zachikhalidwe zaku China zimatenthedwa ndi nthunzi, zomwe sizingafupikitse nthawi yobereka pakati pa mankhwala, komanso kukhala otetezeka komanso ogwira mtima. Kuphatikiza apo, mankhwalawa amathanso kusungidwa padzuwa kuti achepetse ndalama. Ndipo ikhoza kupulumutsa nthawi yochuluka ndi ogwira ntchito, yomwe ndi njira yabwino yopulumutsira mphamvu. Imatenthedwa ndi madzi mu chowotcha ndi rediyeta kudzera mu jenereta ya nthunzi, kotero kuti imatha kukhalabe ndi kuchuluka kwa mamolekyu amadzi, kuti mankhwalawa athe kufikira kutentha kwabwinoko komanso kutentha kwa nthunzi, ndikukwaniritsa zotsatira za kutsekereza ndi kuziziritsa.

2. Kuziziritsa kwamadzi
Kuti tikwaniritse kuziziritsa kwabwino kwa mankhwalawa, nthawi zambiri ndikofunikira kutenthetsa ndi kusungunula mankhwala amadzimadzi, ndiyeno amatha kutumizidwa ku zida zopangira kuti agwiritse ntchito pambuyo pozizirira. Chifukwa cha chikhalidwe cha zinthu zomwezo, sizingagwedezeke pansi pazifukwa zilizonse, kotero kuti kuziziritsa kwa mankhwalawa kungathe kuchitidwa ndi njira zina. Ngati mankhwalawa akutenthedwa ndi kuzizira, sikuti mphamvu zambiri zimangowonongeka, komanso sizikuthandizira kukhazikika kwa khalidwe la mankhwala. Choncho, akhoza kutenthedwa ndi kukhazikika mofulumira malinga ndi zofunikira za mankhwala amadzimadzi, kuti akwaniritse bwino kwambiri komanso kusokoneza zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa mankhwala. Kuti mukwaniritse zabwino kwambiri, kapena zotsatira zapamwamba. Kwa mankhwala, ntchitoyo idzatayika panthawi yopanga, zomwe zimapangitsa kuchepa kwa khalidwe la mankhwala (zowona, zinthu zoopsa zikhoza kupangidwanso). Izi zimafuna distillation kuti mankhwala amadzimadzi akwaniritse zomwe akufuna. Jenereta ya nthunzi ndi chipangizo chothandiza kwambiri komanso chosinthika. Nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizansopo jenereta ya nthunzi (kapena kuphatikiza kwake) -kuzungulira kwamadzi otentha kachipangizo-jenereta-condenser yamadzi ozizira kapena zida zoziziritsira madzi ozizira komanso zida zoyendera madzi ndi zida zina zofananira. Njirayi sichitha kuziziritsa mankhwala, komanso kuchepetsa chinyezi chake, ndikuyika kapena kuumitsa mankhwalawo. Kugwiritsa ntchito njirayi sikungangowonjezera kuchuluka kwa kagwiritsidwe ntchito kazinthu zopangira komanso kugwiritsa ntchito bwino mankhwala, komanso kupewa poyizoni ndi zina zoyipa zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha kutentha kapena moto. Choncho, njirayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri popanga mankhwala kuti achepetse kutaya kwa mankhwala, kupititsa patsogolo ubwino ndi zokolola, ndi kusunga ntchito yoyambirira.
3. Mankhwala othandizira, etc.
Mitundu ya mankhwala a mankhwala nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi madzi, mchere ndi zinthu zina, monga ethylene glycol, ammonia madzi, methanol, etha, chloroform, ndi zina zotero. Pambuyo pokonza zipangizozi, zikhoza kupangidwa kukhala mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mlingo wamadzimadzi ndi zipangizo zothandizira. Mwachitsanzo, ethanol ndi hydrolyzed mu acetaldehyde (BE), methanol imakhala yopanda madzi kuti ipeze galactose ya methanol; hemicellulose ya cellulose acetate imasungunuka kuti ipeze kraft zamkati, ndi zina zotero. Palinso mankhwala a chlorine ndi hydrolysis omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu mankhwala ena; imakhalanso ndi zotsatira zabwino zochepetsera mafuta. Angagwiritsidwe ntchito mankhwala. Mwachitsanzo, kuyanika ndi jenereta ya nthunzi kungachepetse chinyezi cha mankhwala ndikulimbikitsa kuzizira kofanana kwa mankhwala; ndizopindulitsa pakuwongolera khalidwe la mankhwala; imathanso kuchepetsa kuthamanga kwa ntchito ndikupulumutsa mphamvu. Kugwiritsa ntchito nthunzi kutentha mankhwala osiyanasiyana kukonzekera akhoza kugawidwa m'njira ziwiri: evaporative crystallization ndi kutentha mpweya kuzirala. Kupanga kukonzekera kwamankhwala achi China sikufuna kutentha ndi kuyanika, zomwe zimapulumutsa mphamvu. Komabe, n'zosavuta kuyambitsa kuipitsa panthawi yotentha, kotero jenereta ya nthunzi iyenera kuwongolera kutentha kwa kutentha ndi chiŵerengero cha nthunzi. Nthawi yomweyo, makampani opanga mankhwala amafunika kupanga akasinja amadzimadzi amitundu yosiyanasiyana molingana ndi njira zosiyanasiyana, zomwe zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu ambiri nthawi imodzi, komanso zitha kupangidwa mokhazikika kudzera mwa wowongolera. Zimatsimikiziranso kukhazikika kwa khalidwe la mankhwala; amapewa kuwononga chilengedwe, ndipo sangathe kuyambiranso kupanga pakapita nthawi zovuta zazinthu zikachitika.